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Exposure C: Open terrain with scattered obstructions having heights generally less than 30ft (9.1m). This category includes flat open country, grasslands, and all water surfaces in hurricane prone regions. Exposure C applies for all cases where Exposure B or D does not apply.

Exposure B: Urban and suburban areas, wooded areas, or other terrain with numerous closely spaced obstructions having the size of single-family dwellings or larger. Exposure B shall apply where the ground surface roughness condition prevails in the upwind direction for a distance of at least 2,600ft (792 m) or 20 times the height of the building, whichever is greater.

Exposure D: Flat, unobstructed areas and water surfaces outside hurricane prone regions. This category includes smooth mud flats, salt flats, and unbroken ice. Exposure D shall apply where the ground surface roughness prevails in the upwind direction for a distance greater than 5,000ft (1,524m) or 20 times the building height, whichever is greater.

The Occupancy categories range from I to IV, where Occupancy Category I represents buildings and other structures with a low hazard to human life in the event of failure and Occupancy Category IV represents essential facilities.

Nature of Occupancy Occupancy Category
I

Buildings and other structures that represent a low hazard to human life in the event of failure, including, but not limited to:

  • Agricultural facilities
  • Certain temporary facilities
  • Minor storage facilities
II

All buildings and other structures except those listed in Occupancy Categories I, III and IV

III

Buildings and other structures that represent a substantial hazard to human life in the event of failure, including, but not limited to:

  • Buildings and other structures where more than 300 people congregate in one area
  • Buildings and other structures with daycare facilities with a capacity greater than 150
  • Buildings and other structures with elementary school or secondary school facilities with a capacity greater than 250
  • Buildings and other structures with a capacity greater than 500 for colleges or adult education facilities
  • See table 1-1 of ASCE 7-05 for more detailed list
IV

Buildings and other structures designated as essential facilities, including, but not limited to:

  • Hospitals and other health care facilities having surgery or emergency treatment facilities
  • Fire, rescue, ambulance, and police stations and emergency vehicle garages
  • Designated earthquake, hurricane, or other emergency shelters
  • Designated emergency preparedness, communication and operation centers and other facilities required for emergency response
  • Buildings and other structures having critical national defense functions
  • See table 1-1 of ASCE 7-05 for more detailed list

Building and Roof Details

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Built-Up Roofs: Built-Up Roofsystems are commonly referred to as “tar and gravel” roofs. It is composed of alternating layers of bitumen and reinforcing fabrics that create a finished membrane. The bitumen typically used in Built-Up Roof systems is asphalt, coal tar or cold-applied adhesive. The surface may be smooth, capped with mineral surfaced cap sheet or gravel.

Modified Bitumen: Modified Bitumen are composite sheets consisting of copolymer modified bitumen often reinforced and sometimes surfaced with various types of films, foils and mats. Common types are APP and SBS.

Single-Ply: Single-Ply is a layer of flexible membrane that can be applied as fully adhered, mechanically attached or ballasted.

Fully Adhered: A fully adhered membrane is attached to the roof by application of liquid-applied contact adhesive. Seams are sealed by membrane suitable method.

Mechanically Attached: A mechanically attached membrane is applied loose and is attached to the roof using fasteners. Seams are sealed by membrane suitable methods.

Ballasted: A ballasted membrane is applied loose without adhesives or mechanical fastening. Stones or paver ballasts are placed on top of the roof membrane.

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